CORPORATE TRAINING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT
CORPORATE TRAINING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
Corporate Training for the facilities in the campus. This is an
Intranet based application that can be accessed throughout the campus. This
system can be used to automate the workflow of service requests for the various
facilities in the campus. This is one integrated system that covers different
kinds of facilities like class-rooms, labs, hostels, mess, canteen, gymnasium,
computer center, faculty club etc. Registered users (students, faculty,
lab-assistants and others) will be able to log in a request for service for any
of the supported facilities. These requests will be sent to the concerned
people, who are also valid users of the system, to get them resolved. There are
features like email notifications/reminders, addition of a new facility to the
system, report generators etc in this system.
It is very
useful for students to know about the
facilities provided in the campus when ever they want to check easily and it
takes less time.In mandatory checking they have to maintain many files and it
takes much time to check about particular facility and all the details. So to
overcome the problems in the mandatory maintenance,the online help desk tool
can give the fast and accurate checking of the facility details in less time.
INDEX
S. N CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. ANALYSIS
2.1 SYSTEM ANALYSIS
2.2 SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS
3. DESIGN APPROACH
3.1 INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN
3.2 UML DIAGRAMS
3.3 DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS
3.4 E-R DIAGRAMS
4.
PROJECT MODULES
5. IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES
4.2 TESTING
4.2.1 TEST CASES
6. OUTPUT SCREENS
7. CONCLUSION
8. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION:
This project is aimed at developing Corporate Training for the facilities in the campus. This is an Intranet based application that can be accessed throughout the campus. This system can be used to automate the workflow of service requests for the various facilities in the campus.
This is one integrated system that covers different kinds of facilities like class-rooms, labs, hostels, mess, canteen, gymnasium, computer center, faculty club etc. Registered users (students, faculty, lab-assistants and others) will be able to log in a request for service for any of the supported facilities.
These requests will be sent to the concerned people, who are also valid users of the system, to get them resolved. There are features like email notifications/reminders, addition of a new facility to the system, report generators etc in this system.
Corporate Training is Intranet based Application. Through this system we can provide various kinds of facilities like information about the class-rooms, labs, hostels, mess, canteen, gymnasium, computer center, faculty club.
In the campus it is not very simple to find out such kind of facilities. To overcome such kinds of problem we are trying to make this system as Corporate Training which help for those students who are new comer, who don’t know about the campus facilities.
SYSTEM ANALYSIS: CORPORATE TRAINING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
1. Existing System
. If we think about
campus we can guess that it is wide area and in that area various numbers of
facilities are available some common
facilities are like Hostel,Mess,Class Room ,Lab etc new comer want to use all this kind of facilities then
he/she has go to the Corresponding Office
and enquiry manual
DISADVANTAGES:
The
following are the disadvantages of the existing system
It is difficult to maintain important
information in books.
It is difficult to to find a place in a big
campus
It is difficult for a operator to give
response to each and every person
2. Proposed System
3. Objective of the System
The objective of the Corporate
Training Tool is to provide better information for the users of this system for
better results for their maintainence in the facility details that is
labs,zyms,mess.
System Specifications
Hardware Requirements:-
·
Pentium-IV (Processor).
·
256 MB Ram
·
512 KB Cache Memory
·
Hard disk 10 GB
·
Microsoft Compatible 101 or
more Key Board
Software Requirements: -
- Operating System :
Windows XP
- Web-Technology :
ASP.NET 2.0
- Language : C#
- Database : SQLSERVER 2005
- Web Server: : IIS
INTRODUCTION: CORPORATE TRAINING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Design is the first step in the development phase for any techniques and principles for the purpose of defining a device, a process or system in sufficient detail to permit its physical realization.
Once the software requirements have been analyzed and specified the software design involves three technical activities - design, coding, implementation and testing that are required to build and verify the software.
The design activities are of main importance in this phase, because in this activity, decisions ultimately affecting the success of the software implementation and its ease of maintenance are made. These decisions have the final bearing upon reliability and maintainability of the system. Design is the only way to accurately translate the customer’s requirements into finished software or a system.
Design is the place where quality is fostered in development. Software design is a process through which requirements are translated into a representation of software. Software design is conducted in two steps. Preliminary design is concerned with the transformation of requirements into data.
UML
Diagrams:
Actor:
A coherent set of roles that users of use cases play when interacting with the use cases.
A coherent set of roles that users of use cases play when interacting with the use cases.
Use case:
A description of sequence of actions, including variants, that a
system performs that yields an observable result of value of an actor.
UML
stands for Unified Modeling Language. UML is a language for specifying,
visualizing and documenting the system. This is the step while developing any
product after analysis. The goal from this is to produce a model of the entities
involved in the project which later need to be built. The representation of the
entities that are to be used in the product being developed need to be
designed.
There are various kinds
of methods in software design:
They
are as follows:
Ø
Use case Diagram
Ø
Sequence Diagram
Ø
Collaboration Diagram
Ø
Activity Diagram
Ø
State chat Diagram
USECASE DIAGRAMS:
Use case diagrams model behavior
within a system and helps the developers understand of what the user require.
The stick man represents what’s called an actor.
Use case diagram can be useful for
getting an overall view of the system and clarifying that can do and more
importantly what they can’t do.
Use case diagram
consists of use cases and actors and shows the interaction between the use case
and actors.
·
The purpose is to show the interactions between the use
case and actor.
·
To represent the system requirements from user’s
perspective.
·
An actor could be the end-user of the system or an
external system.
SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:
Sequence
diagram and collaboration diagram are called INTERACTION DIAGRAMS. An
interaction diagram shows an interaction, consisting of set of objects and
their relationship including the
messages that may be dispatched among them.
A
sequence diagram is an introduction that empathizes the time ordering of
messages. Graphically a sequence diagram is a table that shows objects arranged
along the X-axis and messages ordered in increasing time along the Y-axis.
COLLABORATION DIAGRAM:
A
collaboration diagram is an introduction diagram that emphasizes the structural
organization of the objects that send and receive messages. Graphically a
collaboration diagram is a collection of vertices and arcs
DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS: CORPORATE TRAINING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The
DFD takes an input-process-output view of a system i.e. data objects flow into
the software, are transformed by processing elements, and resultant data
objects flow out of the software.
Data objects represented by
labeled arrows and transformation are represented by circles also called as
bubbles. DFD is presented in a hierarchical fashion i.e. the first data flow
model represents the system as a whole. Subsequent DFD refine the context
diagram (level 0 DFD), providing increasing details with each subsequent level.
The DFD enables the software
engineer to develop models of the information domain & functional domain at
the same time. As the DFD is refined into greater levels of details, the
analyst perform an implicit functional decomposition of the system. At the same
time, the DFD refinement results in a corresponding refinement of the data as
it moves through the process that embody the applications.
A context-level DFD for the system
the primary external entities produce information for use by the system and
consume information generated by the system. The labeled arrow represents data
objects or object hierarchy.
RULES FOR DFD:
·
Fix the scope of the system by means of context diagrams.
·
Organize the DFD so that the main sequence of the actions
·
Reads left to right and top to bottom.
·
Identify all inputs and outputs.
·
Identify and label each process internal to the system with
Rounded circles.
·
A process is required for all the data transformation and Transfers.
Therefore, never connect a data store to a data Source or the destinations or
another data store with just a Data flow arrow.
·
Do not indicate hardware and ignore control information.
·
Make sure the names of the processes accurately convey everything the
process is done.
·
There must not be unnamed process.
·
Indicate external sources and destinations of the data, with Squares.
·
Number each occurrence of repeated external entities.
·
Identify all data flows for each process step, except simple Record
retrievals.
·
Label data flow on each arrow.
·
Use details flow on each arrow.
·
Use the details flow arrow to indicate data movements.
DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS:
Connectivity and Cardinality
The basic types of connectivity for
relations are: one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many. A one-to-one (1:1)
relationship is when at most one instance of an entity A is associated with one
instance of entity B. For example, "employees in the company are each
assigned their own office. For each employee there exists a unique office and
for each office there exists a unique employee.
A one-to-many
(1:N) relationships is when for one instance of entity A, there are zero,
one, or many instances of entity B, but for one instance of entity B, there is
only one instance of entity A. An example of a 1: N relationships is
A department has many
employees
each employee is
assigned to one department
A many-to-many (M:N) relationship, sometimes called
non-specific, is when for one instance of entity A, there are zero, one, or
many instances of entity B and for one instance of entity B there are zero,
one, or many instances of entity A. The connectivity of a relationship describes
the mapping of associated.
ER Notation
There is no standard for representing data objects in ER diagrams. Each
modeling methodology uses its own notation. The original notation used by Chen
is widely used in academics texts and journals but rarely seen in either CASE
tools or publications by non-academics. Today, there are a number of notations used
among the more common are Bachman, crow's foot, and IDEFIX.
All notational
styles represent entities as rectangular boxes and relationships as lines
connecting boxes. Each style uses a special set of symbols to represent the
cardinality of a connection. The notation used in this document is from Martin.
The symbols used for the basic ER constructs are:
- Entities are represented by labeled rectangles. The label is the
name of the entity. Entity names should be singular nouns.
- Relationships are represented by a solid line
connecting two entities. The name of the relationship is written above the
line. Relationship names should be verbs
- Attributes, when included, are listed inside the entity rectangle.
Attributes which are identifiers are underlined. Attribute names should be
singular nouns.
- Cardinality of many is represented by a line ending in a crow's
foot. If the crow's foot is omitted, the cardinality is one.
- Existence is represented by placing a circle or a perpendicular
bar on the line. Mandatory existence is shown by the bar (looks like a 1)
next to the entity for an instance is required. Optional existence is
shown by placing a circle next to the entity that is optional
PROJECT MODULES
FACULTY
USERS
STUDENT
LAB COORDINATOR
OPERATOR
ADMIN
Microsoft
.NET Framework -
Client Application Development -
Server
Application Development
Language Support
Crystal Reports
SQL Server Features
Ease of installation, deployment, and use
Scalability
Data warehousing
System integration with other server
software
Databases
DATABASE MODELS
Common
Type system (CTS)
C# has a unified type
system. This unified type system is called Common Type System (CTS).
A unified type system implies that all types, including primitives such as integers, are subclasses of the
Categories of data
types
CTS separates datatypes into two categories:
INTRODUCTION TO HTML 4.0
What is HTML?
LAB COORDINATOR
OPERATOR
ADMIN
MODULE
DESCRIPTION
Name of the module-1:
USERS.
Description:
This module helps us to register user. The contents are username, password,address,
state,contact no,mail,After registration he can login, if he is valid. Here We
can send and check the request.
Sub modules:
FACULTY.
STUDENT
LAB
COORDINATOR.
Update user details:
There are different kind of user (like student, faculty, lab assistant
and other) so for the different kind of user we need to provide separate kind
of registration form .In this registration form he/she has provide his/her
personal information and get the login id and password .If he/she has login id
and password then he/she is the member of the campus.
Using his/her login id and password he can
interface with different kind of facilities available in the campus and if
there is any query regarding the facilities available in the campus u can pass
those query to the operator and the operator will response with in that moment
or he can pass the message in user mail id.
Sub modules:
FACULTY:
He
is the one of the user who can login with appropriate username and password and
entered into his module and he can send
request to the operator and he can check the response send by the
operator.
STUDENT:
He is the another user who
can login with appropriate username and password and entered into into his
module and he can view campus map,he can send request to operator and check the
response send by the operator.
LAB COORDINATOR:
He is the
third user who can login with appropriate username and password and entered
into his module and he can send request
to the operator and he can check the response send by the operator.
OPERATOR MODULE:
Operator
has to login with his appropriate username and password and entered into his
module. He is the person who can receive the complaints and send the responses
to the complintents.
ADMIN MODULE:
Admin has to login with his appropriate username and password and
entered into his module. He is the person who have all the authorities to add
facility,change facility and delete facility.
CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES
Front
End Technology
Microsoft
.NET Framework - CORPORATE TRAINING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The .NET
Framework is a new computing platform that simplifies application development
in the highly distributed environment of the Internet. The .NET Framework is
designed to fulfill the following objectives:
·
To provide a consistent object-oriented
programming environment whether object code is stored and executed locally,
executed locally but Internet-distributed, or executed remotely.
·
To provide a code-execution
environment that minimizes software deployment and versioning conflicts.
·
To provide a code-execution
environment that guarantees safe execution of code, including code created by
an unknown or semi-trusted third party.
·
To provide a code-execution
environment that eliminates the performance problems of scripted or interpreted
environments.
·
To make the developer
experience consistent across widely varying types of applications, such as
Windows-based applications and Web-based applications.
·
To build all communication
on industry standards to ensure that code based on the .NET Framework can
integrate with any other code.
The .NET Framework has two main
components: the common language runtime and the .NET Framework class library.
The common language runtime is the foundation of the .NET Framework. You can
think of the runtime as an agent that manages code at execution time, providing
core services such as memory management, thread management, and remoting, while
also enforcing strict type safety and other forms of code accuracy that ensure
security and robustness. In fact, the concept of code management is a
fundamental principle of the runtime. Code that targets the runtime is known as
managed code, while code that does not target the runtime is known as unmanaged
code. The class library, the other main component of the .NET Framework, is a
comprehensive, object-oriented collection of reusable types that you can use to
develop applications ranging from traditional command-line or graphical user
interface (GUI) applications to applications based on the latest innovations
provided by ASP.NET, such as Web Forms and XML Web services.
The .NET
Framework can be hosted by unmanaged components that load the common language
runtime into their processes and initiate the execution of managed code,
thereby creating a software environment that can exploit both managed and
unmanaged features. The .NET Framework not only provides several runtime hosts,
but also supports the development of third-party runtime hosts.
For example,
ASP.NET hosts the runtime to provide a scalable, server-side environment for
managed code. ASP.NET works directly with the runtime to enable Web Forms
applications and XML Web services, both of which are discussed later in this
topic.
Internet Explorer is an example of an
unmanaged application that hosts the runtime (in the form of a MIME type
extension). Using Internet Explorer to host the runtime enables you to embed
managed components or Windows Forms controls in HTML documents. Hosting the
runtime in this way makes managed mobile code (similar to Microsoft® ActiveX®
controls) possible, but with significant improvements that only managed code
can offer, such as semi-trusted execution and secure isolated file storage.
The following illustration shows the
relationship of the common language runtime and the class library to your
applications and to the overall system. The illustration also shows how managed
code operates within a larger architecture
Features of the Common Language Runtime
The common language runtime manages
memory, thread execution, code execution, code safety verification,
compilation, and other system services. These features are intrinsic to the
managed code that runs on the common language runtime.
With regards to security, managed
components are awarded varying degrees of trust, depending on a number of
factors that include their origin (such as the Internet, enterprise network, or
local computer). This means that a managed component might or might not be able
to perform file-access operations, registry-access operations, or other
sensitive functions, even if it is being used in the same active application.
The runtime enforces code access
security. For example, users can trust that an executable embedded in a Web
page can play an animation on screen or sing a song, but cannot access their
personal data, file system, or network. The security features of the runtime
thus enable legitimate Internet-deployed software to be exceptionally featuring
rich.
The runtime also
enforces code robustness by implementing a strict type- and code-verification
infrastructure called the common type system (CTS). The CTS ensures that all
managed code is self-describing. The various Microsoft and third-party language
compilers generate managed code that conforms to the CTS. This means that
managed code can consume other managed types and instances, while strictly
enforcing type fidelity and type safety.
In addition, the
managed environment of the runtime eliminates many common software issues. For
example, the runtime automatically handles object layout and manages references
to objects, releasing them when they are no longer being used. This automatic
memory management resolves the two most common application errors, memory leaks
and invalid memory references.
The runtime also
accelerates developer productivity. For example, programmers can write
applications in their development language of choice, yet take full advantage
of the runtime, the class library, and components written in other languages by
other developers. Any compiler vendor who chooses to target the runtime can do
so. Language compilers that target the .NET Framework make the features of the
.NET Framework available to existing code written in that language, greatly
easing the migration process for existing applications.
While the runtime is designed
for the software of the future, it also supports software of today and yesterday.
Interoperability between managed and unmanaged code enables developers to
continue to use necessary COM components and DLLs.
The runtime is designed to enhance
performance. Although the common language runtime provides many standard
runtime services, managed code is never interpreted. A feature called
just-in-time (JIT) compiling enables all managed code to run in the native
machine language of the system on which it is executing. Meanwhile, the memory
manager removes the possibilities of fragmented memory and increases memory
locality-of-reference to further increase performance.
Finally, the
runtime can be hosted by high-performance, server-side applications, such as
Microsoft® SQL Server™ and Internet Information Services (IIS). This
infrastructure enables you to use managed code to write your business logic,
while still enjoying the superior performance of the industry's best enterprise
servers that support runtime hosting
.NET Framework Class Library - CORPORATE TRAINING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The .NET Framework class library is a collection
of reusable types that tightly integrate with the common language runtime. The
class library is object oriented, providing types from which your own managed
code can derive functionality. This not only makes the .NET Framework types
easy to use, but also reduces the time associated with learning new features of
the .NET Framework. In addition, third-party components can integrate
seamlessly with classes in the .NET Framework.
For example, the
.NET Framework collection classes implement a set of interfaces that you can
use to develop your own collection classes. Your collection classes will blend
seamlessly with the classes in the .NET Framework.
As you would expect
from an object-oriented class library, the .NET Framework types enable you to
accomplish a range of common programming tasks, including tasks such as string
management, data collection, database connectivity, and file access. In
addition to these common tasks, the class library includes types that support a
variety of specialized development scenarios. For example, you can use the .NET
Framework to develop the following types of applications and services:
·
Console applications.
·
Scripted or hosted
applications.
·
Windows GUI applications
(Windows Forms).
·
ASP.NET applications.
·
XML Web services.
·
Windows services.
For example,
the Windows Forms classes are a comprehensive set of reusable types that vastly
simplify Windows GUI development. If you write an ASP.NET Web Form application,
you can use the Web Forms classes
Client Application Development - CORPORATE TRAINING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Client applications are the closest
to a traditional style of application in Windows-based programming. These are
the types of applications that display windows or forms on the desktop,
enabling a user to perform a task. Client applications include applications
such as
Word processors and spreadsheets, as
well as custom business applications such as data-entry tools, reporting tools,
and so on. Client applications usually employ windows, menus, buttons, and
other GUI elements, and they likely access local resources such as the file
system and peripherals such as printers.
Another kind of
client application is the traditional ActiveX control (now replaced by the
managed Windows Forms control) deployed over the Internet as a Web page. This
application is much like other client applications: it is executed natively,
has access to local resources, and includes graphical elements.
In the past,
developers created such applications using C/C++ in conjunction with the
Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC) or with a rapid application development
(RAD) environment such as Microsoft® Visual Basic®. The .NET Framework
incorporates aspects of these existing products into a single, consistent
development environment that drastically simplifies the development of client
applications. The Windows Forms classes contained in the .NET Framework are
designed to be used for GUI development. You can easily create command windows,
buttons, menus, toolbars, and other screen elements with the flexibility
necessary to accommodate shifting business needs.
For example, the .NET Framework
provides simple properties to adjust visual attributes associated with forms.
In some cases the underlying operating system does not support changing these
attributes directly, and in these cases the .NET Framework automatically
recreates the forms. This is one of many ways in which the .NET Framework
integrates the developer interface, making coding simpler and more consistent.
Unlike ActiveX
controls, Windows Forms controls have semi-trusted access to a user's computer.
This means that binary or natively executing code can access some of the
resources on the user's system (such as GUI elements and limited file access)
without being able to access or compromise other resources. Because of code
access security, many applications that once needed to be installed on a user's
system can now be safely deployed through the Web. Your applications can
implement the features of a local application while being deployed like a Web
page.
Server
Application Development
Server-side
applications in the managed world are implemented through runtime hosts.
Unmanaged applications host the common language runtime, which allows your
custom managed code to control the behavior of the server. This model provides
you with all the features of the common language runtime and class library
while gaining the performance and scalability of the host server.
The following
illustration shows a basic network schema with managed code running in
different server environments. Servers such as IIS and SQL Server can perform
standard operations while your application logic executes through the managed
code.
Server-side managed code
ASP.NET is the hosting environment that enables developers to use the .NET Framework to target Web-based applications. However, ASP.NET is more than just a runtime host; it is a complete architecture for developing Web sites and Internet-distributed objects using managed code. Both Web Forms and XML Web services use IIS and ASP.NET as the publishing mechanism for applications, and both have a collection of supporting classes in the .NET Framework.
XML Web services, an important evolution in Web-based technology, are distributed, server-side application components similar to common Web sites. However, unlike Web-based applications, XML Web services components have no UI and are not targeted for browsers such as Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator. Instead, XML Web services consist of reusable software components designed to be consumed by other applications, such as traditional client applications, Web-based applications, or even other XML Web services. As a result, XML Web services technology is rapidly moving application development and deployment into the highly distributed environment of the Internet.
If you have used earlier versions of ASP technology, you will immediately notice the improvements that ASP.NET and Web Forms offers. For example, you can develop Web Forms pages in any language that supports the .NET Framework. In addition, your code no longer needs to share the same file with your HTTP text (although it can continue to do so if you prefer). Web Forms pages execute in native machine language because, like any other managed application, they take full advantage of the runtime. In contrast, unmanaged ASP pages are always scripted and interpreted. ASP.NET pages are faster, more functional, and easier to develop than unmanaged ASP pages because they interact with the runtime like any managed application.
The .NET Framework also provides a collection of classes and tools to aid in development and consumption of XML Web services applications. XML Web services are built on standards such as SOAP (a remote procedure-call protocol), XML (an extensible data format), and WSDL ( the Web Services Description Language). The .NET Framework is built on these standards to promote interoperability with non-Microsoft solutions.
For example, the Web Services Description Language tool included with the .NET Framework SDK can query an XML Web service published on the Web, parse its WSDL description, and produce C# or Visual Basic source code that your application can use to become a client of the XML Web service. The source code can create classes derived from classes in the class library that handle all the underlying communication using SOAP and XML parsing. Although you can use the class library to consume XML Web services directly, the Web Services Description Language tool and the other tools contained in the SDK facilitate your development efforts with the .NET Framework.
If you develop and publish your own XML Web service, the .NET Framework provides a set of classes that conform to all the underlying communication standards, such as SOAP, WSDL, and XML. Using those classes enables you to focus on the logic of your service, without concerning yourself with the communications infrastructure required by distributed software development.
Finally, like Web Forms pages in the managed environment, your XML Web service will run with the speed of native machine language using the scalable communication of IIS.
ASP.NET is the hosting environment that enables developers to use the .NET Framework to target Web-based applications. However, ASP.NET is more than just a runtime host; it is a complete architecture for developing Web sites and Internet-distributed objects using managed code. Both Web Forms and XML Web services use IIS and ASP.NET as the publishing mechanism for applications, and both have a collection of supporting classes in the .NET Framework.
XML Web services, an important evolution in Web-based technology, are distributed, server-side application components similar to common Web sites. However, unlike Web-based applications, XML Web services components have no UI and are not targeted for browsers such as Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator. Instead, XML Web services consist of reusable software components designed to be consumed by other applications, such as traditional client applications, Web-based applications, or even other XML Web services. As a result, XML Web services technology is rapidly moving application development and deployment into the highly distributed environment of the Internet.
If you have used earlier versions of ASP technology, you will immediately notice the improvements that ASP.NET and Web Forms offers. For example, you can develop Web Forms pages in any language that supports the .NET Framework. In addition, your code no longer needs to share the same file with your HTTP text (although it can continue to do so if you prefer). Web Forms pages execute in native machine language because, like any other managed application, they take full advantage of the runtime. In contrast, unmanaged ASP pages are always scripted and interpreted. ASP.NET pages are faster, more functional, and easier to develop than unmanaged ASP pages because they interact with the runtime like any managed application.
The .NET Framework also provides a collection of classes and tools to aid in development and consumption of XML Web services applications. XML Web services are built on standards such as SOAP (a remote procedure-call protocol), XML (an extensible data format), and WSDL ( the Web Services Description Language). The .NET Framework is built on these standards to promote interoperability with non-Microsoft solutions.
For example, the Web Services Description Language tool included with the .NET Framework SDK can query an XML Web service published on the Web, parse its WSDL description, and produce C# or Visual Basic source code that your application can use to become a client of the XML Web service. The source code can create classes derived from classes in the class library that handle all the underlying communication using SOAP and XML parsing. Although you can use the class library to consume XML Web services directly, the Web Services Description Language tool and the other tools contained in the SDK facilitate your development efforts with the .NET Framework.
If you develop and publish your own XML Web service, the .NET Framework provides a set of classes that conform to all the underlying communication standards, such as SOAP, WSDL, and XML. Using those classes enables you to focus on the logic of your service, without concerning yourself with the communications infrastructure required by distributed software development.
Finally, like Web Forms pages in the managed environment, your XML Web service will run with the speed of native machine language using the scalable communication of IIS.
Active
Server Pages.NET
ASP.NET is
a programming framework built on the common language runtime that can be used
on a server to build powerful Web applications. ASP.NET offers several
important advantages over previous Web development models:
·
Enhanced Performance. ASP.NET is
compiled common language runtime code running on the server. Unlike its
interpreted predecessors, ASP.NET can take advantage of early binding,
just-in-time compilation, native optimization, and caching services right out
of the box. This amounts to dramatically better performance before you ever
write a line of code.
·
World-Class
Tool Support. The ASP.NET framework is
complemented by a rich toolbox and designer in the Visual Studio integrated
development environment. WYSIWYG editing, drag-and-drop server controls, and
automatic deployment are just a few of the features this powerful tool
provides.
·
Power and Flexibility. Because ASP.NET
is based on the common language runtime, the power and flexibility of that
entire platform is available to Web application developers. The .NET Framework
class library, Messaging, and Data Access solutions are all seamlessly
accessible from the Web. ASP.NET is also language-independent, so you can
choose the language that best applies to your application or partition your
application across many languages. Further, common language runtime
interoperability guarantees that your existing investment in COM-based development
is preserved when migrating to ASP.NET.
·
Simplicity. ASP.NET makes it easy to
perform common tasks, from simple form submission and client authentication to
deployment and site configuration. For example, the ASP.NET page framework
allows you to build user interfaces that cleanly separate application logic
from presentation code and to handle events in a simple, Visual Basic - like
forms processing model. Additionally, the common language runtime simplifies
development, with managed code services such as automatic reference counting
and garbage collection.
·
Manageability. ASP.NET employs a text-based, hierarchical configuration
system, which simplifies applying settings to your server environment and Web
applications. Because configuration information is stored as plain text, new
settings may be applied without the aid of local administration tools. This
"zero local administration" philosophy extends to deploying ASP.NET
Framework applications as well. An ASP.NET Framework application is deployed to
a server simply by copying the necessary files to the server. No server restart
is required, even to deploy or replace running compiled code.
·
Scalability
and Availability. ASP.NET has been
designed with scalability in mind, with features specifically tailored to
improve performance in clustered and multiprocessor environments. Further,
processes are closely monitored and managed by the ASP.NET runtime, so that if
one misbehaves (leaks, deadlocks), a new process can be created in its place,
which helps keep your application constantly available to handle requests.
·
Customizability
and Extensibility. ASP.NET delivers a
well-factored architecture that allows developers to "plug-in" their
code at the appropriate level. In fact, it is possible to extend or replace any
subcomponent of the ASP.NET runtime with your own custom-written component.
Implementing custom authentication or state services has never been easier.
·
Security. With built in Windows authentication and per-application
configuration, you can be assured that your applications are secure.
Language Support
The Microsoft .NET Platform
currently offers built-in support for three languages: C#, Visual Basic, and
JScript.
What is ASP.NET Web Forms?
The
ASP.NET Web Forms page framework is a scalable common language runtime
programming model that can be used on the server to dynamically generate Web
pages.
Intended as a logical evolution of ASP (ASP.NET provides
syntax compatibility with existing pages), the ASP.NET Web Forms framework has
been specifically designed to address a number of key deficiencies in the
previous model. In particular, it provides:
·
The
ability to create and use reusable UI controls that can encapsulate common
functionality and thus reduce the amount of code that a page developer has to
write.
·
The
ability for developers to cleanly structure their page logic in an orderly
fashion (not "spaghetti code").
·
The
ability for development tools to provide strong WYSIWYG design support for
pages (existing ASP code is opaque to tools).
ASP.NET Web Forms pages are text files with an .aspx file
name extension. They can be deployed throughout an IIS virtual root directory
tree. When a browser client requests .aspx resources, the ASP.NET runtime
parses and compiles the target file into a .NET Framework class. This class can
then be used to dynamically process incoming requests. (Note that the .aspx
file is compiled only the first time it is accessed; the compiled type instance
is then reused across multiple requests).
An ASP.NET page can be created simply by taking an existing
HTML file and changing its file name extension to .aspx (no modification of
code is required). For example, the following sample demonstrates a simple HTML
page that collects a user's name and category preference and then performs a
form post back to the originating page when a button is clicked:
Code-Behind Web Forms
ASP.NET supports two methods of authoring dynamic pages.
The first is the method shown in the preceding samples, where the page code is
physically declared within the originating .aspx file. An alternative
approach--known as the code-behind method--enables the page code to be more
cleanly separated from the HTML content into an entirely separate file.
1.
ASP.NET
Web Forms provide an easy and powerful way to build dynamic Web UI.
2.
ASP.NET
Web Forms pages can target any browser client (there are no script library or
cookie requirements).
3.
ASP.NET
Web Forms pages provide syntax compatibility with existing ASP pages.
4.
ASP.NET
server controls provide an easy way to encapsulate common functionality.
5.
ASP.NET
ships with 45 built-in server controls. Developers can also use controls built
by third parties.
6.
ASP.NET
server controls can automatically project both up level and down level HTML.
7.
ASP.NET
templates provide an easy way to customize the look and feel of list server
controls.
8.
ASP.NET
validation controls provide an easy way to do declarative client or server data validation.
Crystal Reports for Visual Basic .NET is the standard
reporting tool for Visual Basic.NET; it brings the ability to create
interactive, presentation-quality content — which has been the strength of
Crystal Reports for years — to the .NET platform.
With Crystal Reports
for Visual Basic.NET, you can host reports on Web and Windows platforms and
publish Crystal
reports as Report Web Services on a Web server.
To present data to
users, you could write code to loop through record sets and print them inside
your Windows or Web application. However, any work beyond basic formatting can
be complicated: consolidations, multiple level totals, charting, and
conditional formatting are difficult to program.
With Crystal Reports
for Visual Studio .NET, you can quickly create complex and professional-looking
reports. Instead of coding, you use the Crystal Report Designer interface to
create and format the report you need. The powerful Report Engine processes the
formatting, grouping, and charting criteria you specify.
Report Experts
Using the Crystal Report Experts, you
can quickly create reports based on your development needs:
·
Choose from report layout
options ranging from standard reports to form letters, or build your own report
from scratch.
·
Display charts that users
can drill down on to view detailed report data.
·
Calculate summaries,
subtotals, and percentages on grouped data.
·
Show TopN or BottomN
results of data.
·
Conditionally format text
and rotate text objects.
BACK END TECHNOLOGY
About Microsoft SQL Server 2000
Microsoft SQL Server is a
Structured Query Language (SQL) based, client/server relational database. Each
of these terms describes a fundamental part of the architecture of SQL Server.
Database
A database is similar to
a data file in that it is a storage place for data. Like a data file, a
database does not present information directly to a user; the user runs an
application that accesses data from the database and presents it to the user in
an understandable format.
A
database typically has two components: the files holding the physical database
and the database management system (DBMS) software that applications use to
access data. The DBMS is responsible for enforcing the database structure,
including
·
Maintaining the relationships
between data in the database.
·
Ensuring that data is
stored correctly and that the rules defining data relationships are not
violated.
·
Recovering all data to a
point of known consistency in case of system failures.
Relational Database
There
are different ways to organize data in a database but relational databases are
one of the most effective. Relational database systems are an application of
mathematical set theory to the problem of effectively organizing data. In a
relational database, data is collected into tables (called relations in
relational theory).
When
organizing data into tables, you can usually find many different ways to define
tables. Relational database theory defines a process, normalization, which
ensures that the set of tables you define will organize your data effectively.
Client/Server:-
In a client/server system, the server is a relatively large
computer in a central location that manages a resource used by many people.
When individuals need to use the resource, they connect over the network from
their computers, or clients, to the server.
Examples of servers are: In a client/server database
architecture, the database files and DBMS software reside on a server. A
communications component is provided so applications can run on separate
clients and communicate to the database server over a network. The SQL Server
communication component also allows communication between an application
running on the server and SQL Server.
Server applications are
usually capable of working with several clients at the same time. SQL Server
can work with thousands of client applications simultaneously. The server has
features to prevent the logical problems that occur if a user tries to read or
modify data currently being used by others.
While SQL
Server is designed to work as a server in a client/server network, it is also
capable of working as a stand-alone database directly on the client. The
scalability and ease-of-use features of SQL Server allow it to work efficiently
on a client without consuming too many resources.
Structured Query Language (SQL)
To work with data in a
database, you must use a set of commands and statements (language) defined by
the DBMS software. There are several different languages that can be used with
relational databases; the most common is SQL. Both the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Standards Organization (ISO)
have defined standards for SQL. Most modern DBMS products support the Entry
Level of SQL-92, the latest SQL standard (published in 1992).
SQL Server Features
Microsoft
SQL Server supports a set of features that result in the following benefits:
Ease of installation, deployment, and use
SQL Server includes a set of
administrative and development tools that improve your ability to install,
deploy, manage, and use SQL Server across several sites.
Scalability
The same database engine can be
used across platforms ranging from laptop computers running Microsoft Windows®
95/98 to large, multiprocessor servers running Microsoft Windows NT®,
Enterprise Edition.
Data warehousing
SQL Server includes tools for
extracting and analyzing summary data for online analytical processing (OLAP).
SQL Server also includes tools for visually designing databases and analyzing
data using English-based questions.
System integration with other server
software
SQL
Server integrates with e-mail, the Internet, and Windows.
Databases
A database in Microsoft SQL Server
consists of a collection of tables that contain data, and other objects, such
as views, indexes, stored procedures, and triggers, defined to support
activities performed with the data. The data stored in a database is usually
related to a particular subject or process, such as inventory information for a
manufacturing warehouse.
SQL Server can support many
databases, and each database can store either interrelated data or data unrelated
to that in the other databases. For example, a server can have one database
that stores personnel data and another that stores product-related data.
Alternatively, one database can store current customer order data, and another;
related database can store historical customer orders that are used for yearly
reporting. Before you create a database, it is
important to understand
the parts of a database and how to design these parts to ensure that the
database performs well after it is implemented.
Normalization theory:
Relations
are to be normalized to avoid anomalies. In insert, update and delete
operations. Normalization theory is built around the concept of normal forms. A
relation is said to be in a particular form if it satisfies a certain specified
set if constraints. To decide a suitable logical structure for given database
design the concept of normalization, which are briefly described below.
1.
1 st Normal Form (1 N.F): A relation is said to be in 1 NF is and only
if all unaligned domains contain values only. That is the fields of an n-set
should have no group items and no repeating groups.
2.
2 nd Normal Form (2 N.F) : A relation is said to
be in 2 NF is and only if it is in 1 NF and every non key attribute is fully
dependent on primary key. This normal takes care of functional dependencies on
non-key attributes.
3.
3 rd Normal Form (3 N.F) : A relation is said to
be in 3 NF is and only if it is in 2 NF and every non key attribute is non
transitively dependent on the primary key. This normal form avoids the
transitive dependencies on the primary key.
4.
Boyce code Normal Form (BCNF):
This is a stronger definition than that of NF. A relation is said to be in BCNF
if and only if every determinant is a Candidate key.
5. 4 th
Normal Form (4 NF) : A relation is said to be in 4 NF if and only if
whenever there exists a multi valued dependency in a relation say A->->B then all of the relation are
also functionally dependent on A(i.e. A->X for all attributes x of the relation.).
6. 5 Th Normal
Form (5 NF) OR Projection Join Normal
Form (PJNF): A relation R is in 5 NF .if
and only if every join dependency in R is implied by the candidate key on R. A
relation can’t be non-loss split into two tables but can be split into three
tables. This is called Join Dependency.
Middle ware Technology
Activex Data Objects.Net Overview
ADO.NET is an
evolution of the ADO
data access model that directly addresses user requirements for developing
scalable applications. It was designed specifically for the web with
scalability, statelessness, and XML in mind.
ADO.NET
uses some ADO
objects, such as the Connection
and Command objects, and also
introduces new objects. Key new ADO.NET objects include the Dataset, Data Reader, and Data
Adapter.
The important distinction between this evolved stage of
ADO.NET and previous data architectures is that there exists an object -- the Dataset -- that is separate and distinct
from any data stores. Because of that, the Dataset functions as a standalone entity. You can think of the
Dataset as an always disconnected record set that knows nothing about the
source or destination of the data it contains. Inside a Dataset, much like in a database, there are tables, columns,
relationships, constraints, views, and so forth.
A Data Adapter
is the object that connects to the database to fill the Dataset. Then, it connects back to the database to update the data
there, based on operations performed while the Dataset held the data. In the past, data processing has been
primarily connection-based. Now, in an effort to make multi-tiered apps more
efficient, data processing is turning to a message-based approach that revolves
around chunks of information.
At the center of
this approach is the Data Adapter,
which provides a bridge to retrieve and save data between a Dataset and its source data store. It
accomplishes this by means of requests to the appropriate SQL commands made
against the data store.
The XML-based Dataset
object provides a consistent programming model that works with all models of
data storage: flat, relational, and hierarchical. It does this by having no
'knowledge' of the source of its data, and by representing the data that it
holds as collections and data types. No matter what the source of the data
within the Dataset is, it is
manipulated through the same set of standard APIs exposed through the Dataset and its subordinate objects.
While the Dataset
has no knowledge of the source of its data, the managed provider has detailed
and specific information. The role of the managed provider is to connect, fill,
and persist the Dataset to and
from data stores. The OLE DB and SQL Server .NET Data Providers
(System.Data.OleDb and System.Data.SqlClient) that are part of the .Net
Framework provide four basic objects: the Command, Connection,
Data Reader and Data Adapter. In the remaining
sections of this document, we'll walk through each part of the Dataset and the OLE DB/SQL Server .NET
Data Providers explaining what they are, and how to program against them. The
following sections will introduce you to some objects that have evolved, and
some that are new. These objects are:
·
Connections. For
connection to and managing transactions against a database.
·
Commands. For
issuing SQL commands against a database.
·
Data Readers. For
reading a forward-only stream of data records from a SQL Server data source.
· Datasets. For
storing, removing and programming against flat data, XML data and relational
data.
·
Data Adapters. For
pushing data into a Dataset, and
reconciling data against a database.
When
dealing with connections to a database, there are two different options: SQL
Server .NET Data Provider (System.Data.SqlClient) and OLE DB .NET Data Provider
(System.Data.OleDb). In these samples we will use the SQL Server .NET Data
Provider. These are written to talk directly to Microsoft SQL Server. The OLE
DB .NET Data Provider is used to talk to any OLE DB provider (as it uses OLE DB
underneath).
Connections
Connections
are used to 'talk to' databases, and are represented by provider-specific
classes such as SQLConnection.
Commands travel over connections and result sets are returned in the form of
streams which can be read by a Data
Reader object, or pushed into a Dataset
object.
Commands
Commands contain the information that
is submitted to a database, and are represented by provider-specific classes
such as SQLCommand. A command
can be a stored procedure call, an UPDATE statement, or a statement that
returns results. You can also use input and output parameters, and return
values as part of your command syntax. The example below shows how to issue an
INSERT statement against the North wind
database.
Data Readers
The Data Reader object is somewhat
synonymous with a read-only/forward-only cursor over data. The Data Reader API supports flat as well
as hierarchical data. A Data Reader
object is returned after executing a command against a database. The format of
the returned Data Reader object
is different from a record set. For example, you might use the Data Reader to show the results of a
search list in a web page.
Dataset
The Dataset object is
similar to the ADO Record set
object, but more powerful, and with one other important distinction: the Dataset is always disconnected. The Dataset object represents a cache of
data, with database-like structures such as tables, columns, relationships, and
constraints. However, though a Dataset
can and does behave much like a database, it is important to remember that Dataset objects do not interact
directly with databases, or other source data. This allows the developer to
work with a programming model that is always consistent, regardless of where
the source data resides. Data coming from a database, an XML file, from code,
or user input can all be placed into Dataset
objects. Then, as changes are made to the Dataset they can be tracked and verified before updating the
source data. The Get Changes
method of the Dataset object
actually creates a second Dataset
that contains only the changes to the data. This Dataset is then used by a Data
Adapter (or other objects) to update the original data source. The Dataset has many XML characteristics,
including the ability to produce and consume XML data and XML schemas. XML
schemas can be used to describe schemas interchanged via Web Services. In fact,
a Dataset with a schema can
actually be compiled for type safety and statement completion.
Data Adapters
(OLEDB/SQL)
The
Data Adapter object works as a
bridge between the Dataset and
the source data. Using the provider-specific SqlDataAdapter (along with its associated SqlCommand and SqlConnection)
can increase overall performance when working with a Microsoft SQL Server
databases. For other OLE DB-supported databases, you would use the OleDbDataAdapter object and its
associated OleDbCommand and OleDbConnection objects. The Data Adapter object uses commands to
update the data source after changes have been made to the Dataset. Using the Fill method of the Data Adapter calls the SELECT command;
using the Update method calls
the INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE command for each changed row. You can explicitly
set these commands in order to control the statements used at runtime to
resolve changes, including the use of stored procedures. For ad-hoc scenarios,
a Command Builder object can
generate these at run-time based upon a select statement. However, this
run-time generation requires an extra round-trip to the server in order to
gather required metadata, so explicitly providing the INSERT, UPDATE, and
DELETE commands at design time will result in better run-time performance.
1.
ADO.NET
is the next evolution of ADO
for the .Net Framework.
2.
ADO.NET
was created with n-Tier, statelessness and XML in the forefront. Two new
objects, the Dataset and Data Adapter, are provided for these
scenarios. ADO.NET can be used to get data from a stream, or to store data in a
cache for updates.
3.
There
is a lot more information about ADO.NET in the documentation.
4.
Remember,
you can execute a command directly against the database in order to do inserts,
updates, and deletes. You don't need to first put data into a Dataset in order to insert, update, or
delete it.
5.
Also,
you can use a Dataset to bind to
the data, move through the data, and navigate data relationships.
Client-side Script(JAVASCRIPT):-
JavaScript:
JavaScript is a new scripting language for WebPages. Scripts written with
java script can be embedded into your HTML pages. With java script you have many possibilities
for enhancing your HTML page with interesting elements. For example you are able to respond to
user-initiated events quite easily. Some
effects that are now possible with java script were some time ago only possible
with CGI. So you can create really
sophisticated pages with the helps of java script on the Internet.
How can Java
Script scripts run?
The
first browser to support java script was the Netscape Navigator 2.0 of course
the higher versions do have java script as well. You might know that java does not run on all
Netscape Navigators 2.0 (or higher versions) versions. But this is not true for java script
-although there are some problems with the different versions.
The
Mac version for example seems to have many bugs. In the near future there are going to be some
other browsers, which support java script.
The Microsoft Internet explorer 3.0 is going to support java
script. JavaScript enabled browsers are
going to spread soon - it is worth learning this new technique now. You might
realize that is really easy to write Java Script scripts. We have to know is some basic techniques and
some work-around for problems you might encounter. Of course we need a basic. Understanding HTML
before readi ng this tutorial you can
find many really good online resources about HTML. Best you make an online search about ‘html’
at yahoo if you want to get informed about HTML. Now I want to show some small scripts so you
can learn how they are implemented into HTML-documents and to show which
possibilities you have with the new scripting language. The following is a very small script, which
will only print a text into an HTML document.
Reset button:
The reset button if firm
button is nearly self- explanatory; it lets the user reset erase
or set to some default value all elements in the form. By default the browser displays a reset
button worth the label “reset”. We can change that by specifying a value
attribute with tour own button label.
DATABASE MODELS
ADO.NET
and accessing the database through applets and ADO.NET API via an intermediate
server resulted server resulted in a new type of database model which is
different from the client-server model. Based on number of intermediate server
through the request should go it is named as single tire, two tire and multi
tire architecture
Single Tier
In a single tier the
server and client are the same in the sense that a client program that needs
information (client) and the source of this type of architecture is also
possible in java, in case flat files are used to store the data. However this
is useful only in case of small applications. The advantage with this is the
simplicity and portability of the application developed.
In two tier architecture the database
resides in one machine and client in different machine they are connected
through the network. In this type of architecture a database management takes
control of the database and provides access to clients in a network. This
software bundle is also called as the server. Software in different machines,
requesting for information are called as the clients.
Three Tier and N-Tier
In the
three-tier architecture, any number servers can access the database that
resides on server. Which in turn serve clients in a network. For example, you
want to access the database using java applets, the applet running in some
other machine, can send request only to the server from which it is down
loaded. For this reason we will need to have a intermediate server which will
accept the requests from applets and them to the actual database server. This
intermediate server acts as a two-way communication channel also. This is the
information or data from the database is passed on to the applet that is
requesting it. This can be extended to make n tiers of servers, each server
carrying to specific type of request from clients, however in practice only 3
tiers architecture is popular.
C# Language - CORPORATE TRAINING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Features of C#:-
By
design, C# is the programming language that most directly reflects the
underlying Common Language Infrastructure (CLI). Most of C#'s intrinsic
types correspond to value-types implemented by the CLI framework. However, the
C# language specification does not state the code generation requirements of
the compiler: that is, it does not state that a C# compiler must target a
Common Language Runtime (CLR), or generate Common Intermediate Language (CIL),
or generate any other specific format. Theoretically, a C# compiler could
generate machine code like traditional compilers of C++ or FORTRAN; in
practice, all existing C# implementations target CIL.
Some notable C#
distinguishing features are:
·
There are no
global variables or functions. All methods and members must be declared within
classes. It is possible, however, to use static methods/variables within public
classes instead of global variables/functions.
·
Local variables
cannot shadow variables of the enclosing block, unlike C and C++. Variable
shadowing is often considered confusing by C++ texts.
·
C# supports a
strict Boolean data type,
bool
. Statements
that take conditions, such as while
and if
,
require an expression of a boolean type. While C++ also has a Boolean type, it
can be freely converted to and from integers, and expressions such as if (a)
require only that a
is convertible to bool, allowing a
to be an int, or a pointer. C# disallows this "integer meaning true or
false" approach on the grounds that forcing programmers to use expressions
that return exactly bool
can prevent certain types of
programming mistakes such as if (a = b)
(use of =
instead of ==
).
·
In C#, memory
address pointers can only be used within blocks specifically marked as unsafe,
and programs with unsafe code need appropriate permissions to run. Most object
access is done through safe object references, which are always either pointing
to a valid, existing object, or have the well-defined null value; a reference
to a garbage-collected object, or to random block of memory, is impossible to
obtain. An unsafe pointer can point to an instance of a value-type, array,
string, or a block of memory allocated on a stack. Code that is not marked as
unsafe can still store and manipulate pointers through the
System.IntPtr
type, but cannot dereference them.
·
Managed memory
cannot be explicitly freed, but is automatically garbage collected. Garbage
collection addresses memory leaks. C# also provides direct support for
deterministic finalization with the
using
statement (supporting
the Resource Acquisition Is Initialization idiom).
·
Multiple
inheritances are not supported, although a class can implement any number of
interfaces. This was a design decision by the language's lead architect to
avoid complication, avoid dependency hell and simplify architectural
requirements throughout CLI.
·
C# is more type
safe than C++. The only implicit conversions by default are those which are
considered safe, such as widening of integers and conversion from a derived
type to a base type. This is enforced at compile-time, during JIT, and, in some
cases, at runtime. There are no implicit conversions between booleans and
integers, nor between enumeration members and integers (except for literal 0,
which can be implicitly converted to any enumerated type). Any user-defined
conversion must be explicitly marked as explicit or implicit, unlike C++ copy
constructors (which are implicit by default) and conversion operators (which
are always implicit).
·
Enumeration
members are placed in their own scope.
·
C# provides
syntactic sugar for a common pattern of a pair of methods, accessor (getter)
and mutator (setter) encapsulating operations on a single attribute of a class,
in form of properties.
·
Full type
reflection and discovery is available.
·
C# currently (as of 3 June
2008) has 77 reserved words.
Common
Type system (CTS)
A unified type system implies that all types, including primitives such as integers, are subclasses of the
System.Object
class. For example, every
type inherits a ToString()
method. For performance reasons, primitive types (and value types in general)
are internally allocated on the stack.
Categories of data
types
- Value types
- Reference types
Value types are plain aggregations
of data. Instances of value types do not have referential identity nor
referential comparison semantics - equality and inequality comparisons for
value types compare the actual data values within the instances, unless the
corresponding operators are overloaded. Value types are derived from
System.ValueType
,
always have a default value, and can always be created and copied. Some other
limitations on value types are that they cannot derive from each other (but can
implement interfaces) and cannot have a default (parameterless) constructor.
Examples of value types are some primitive types, such as int
(a signed 32-bit integer), float
(a 32-bit IEEE
floating-point number), char
(a 16-bit Unicode codepoint), and System.DateTime
(identifies a specific point in time with millisecond precision).
In
contrast, reference types have the notion of referential identity - each
instance of reference type is inherently distinct from every other instance,
even if the data within both instances is the same. This is reflected in
default equality and inequality comparisons for reference types, which test for
referential rather than structural equality, unless the corresponding operators
are overloaded (such as the case for
System.String
).
In general, it is not always possible to create an instance of a reference
type, nor to copy an existing instance, or perform a value comparison on two
existing instances, though specific reference types can provide such services
by exposing a public constructor or implementing a corresponding interface
(such as ICloneable
or IComparable
).
Examples of reference types are object
(the ultimate
base class for all other C# classes), System.String
(a string of Unicode characters), and System.Array
(a base class for all C# arrays).
Both
type categories are extensible with user-defined types.
INTRODUCTION TO HTML 4.0
What is the World Wide Web?
The World Wide Web is a
network of information resources. The Web relies on three mechanisms to make
these resources readily available to the widest possible audience.
1.
A uniform naming scheme for
locating resources on the Web (e.g. URLs)
2.
Protocols, for access to named
resources over the Web (e.g. HTTP)
3.
Hypertext, for easy navigation
among resources (e.g.HTML)
The ties between
the three mechanisms are apparent throughout this specification.
What is HTML?
To
publish information for global distribution, one needs a universally understood
language, a kind of publishing mother tongue that all computers may potentially
understand. The publishing language used
by the World Wide Web is HTML (from Hyper Text Markup Language). HTML gives authors the means to
Publish
online documents with headings, text, tables, lists, photos, etc.
Retrieve
online information via hypertext links, at the click of a button
Design
forms for conducting transactions with remote services, for use in searching
for information, making reservations, ordering products etc.
Include
spread - sheets, video clips, sound clips, and other applications directly in
their documents.
A brief history of HTML:
HTML was originally
developed by Tim Berners-Lee while at CERN, and popularized by the Mosaic
browser developed at NCSA. During the
course of the 1990s it has blossomed with the explosive growth of the Web
during this time. HTML has been extended
in a number of ways. The Web depends on
Web page authors and vendors sharing the same conventions for HTML. This has motivated joint work on
specifications for HTML.
HTML 2.0
(November 1995) was developed under the aegis of the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF) to codify common practice in late 1994. HTML (1993) and
([HTML.30]) (1995) proposed much richer versions of HTML, despite never
receiving consensus in standards discussions, these drafts led to the adoption
of a range new features. The efforts of
the World Wide Web Consortium’s HTML working group to codify common in 1996
resulted in HTML 3.2 (January 1997).
Most people agree that HTML documents should work well across different
browsers and platforms. Achieving
interoperability lowers costs to content providers since they must develop only
one version of a document. If the effort
is not made, there is much greater risk that the Web will devolve into a
proprietary world of incompatible formats, ultimately reducing the Web’s commercial
potential for all participants.
SOFTWARE METHODOLOGY - CORPORATE TRAINING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The software methodology followed in
this project includes the object-oriented methodology and the application
system development methodologies. The description of these methodologies is
given below.
Application System Development – A
Life cycle Approach
Although there are a growing number of
applications (such as decision support systems) that should be developed using
an experimental process strategy such as prototyping, a significant amount of
new development work continue to involve major operational applications of
broad scope. The application systems are large highly structured. User task
comprehension and developer task proficiency is usually high. These factors
suggest a linear or iterative assurance strategy. The most common method for
this stage class of problems is a system development life cycle modal in which
each stage of development is well defined and has straightforward requirements
for deliverables, feedback and sign off. The system development life cycle is
described in detail since it continues to be an appropriate methodology for a
significant part of new development work.
The basic idea of the system
development life cycle is that there is a well-defined process by which an
application is conceived and developed and implemented. The life cycle gives
structure to a creative process. In order to manage and control the development
effort, it is necessary to know what should have been done, what has been done,
and what has yet to be accomplished. The phrases in the system development life
cycle provide a basis for management and control because they define segments
of the flow of work, which can be identified for managerial purposes and
specifies the documents or other deliverables to be produced in each phase.
The phases in the life cycle for
information system development are described differently by different writers,
but the differences are primarily in the amount of necessity and manner of
categorization. There is a general agreement on the flow of development steps
and the necessity for control procedures at each stage.
The
information system development cycle for an application consists of three major
stages.
1) Definition.
2) Development.
3) Installation
and operation.
The first stage of the
process, which defines the information requirements for a feasible cost
effective system. The requirements are then translated into a physical system
of forms, procedures, programs etc., by the system design, computer programming
and procedure development. The resulting system is test and put into operation.
No system is perfect so there is always a need for maintenance changes. To
complete the cycle, there should be a post audit of the system to evaluate how
well it performs and how well it meets the cost and performance specifications.
The stages of definition, development and installation and operation can
therefore be divided into smaller steps or phrases as follows.
Definition
Proposed definition : preparation of request for proposed
applications.
Feasibility
assessment : evaluation of feasibility
and cost benefit of proposed system.
Information
requirement analysis: determination of information needed.
Design
Conceptual
design : User-oriented design of application
development.
Physical
system design: Detailed design of flows
and processes in applications processing system and preparation of program
specification.
Development
Program
development : coding and testing of computer programs.
Procedure
development : design of procedures and
preparation of user instructions
Installation and operation
Conversion : final system test and conversion.
Operation and
maintenance: Month to month operation
and maintenance
Post audit
: Evaluation of development
process, application system and results of use at the completion of the each
phase, formal approval sign-off is required from the users as well as from the
manager of the project development.
CONCLUSION: CORPORATE TRAINING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The package was designed in such a way that future modifications can
be done
easily. The following conclusions can be deduced from the development of the
project.
Ø
Automation of the entire
system improves the efficiency
Ø
It provides a friendly graphical
user interface which proves to be better when compared to the existing system.
Ø
It gives appropriate access
to the authorized users depending on their permissions.
Ø
It effectively overcomes
the delay in communications.
Ø
Updating of information
becomes so easier.
Ø
System security, data
security and reliability are the striking features.
Ø
The System has adequate
scope for modification in future if it is necessary.
FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS: CORPORATE TRAINING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
This application avoids the manual
work and the problems concern with it. It is an easy way to obtain the
information regarding the various products information that is present in the
Super markets.
Well
I and my team members have worked hard in order to present an improved website
better than the existing one’s regarding the information about the various
activities. Still, we found out that the project can be done in a better way.
Primarily, when we request information about a particular product it just shows
the company, product id, product name and no. of quantities available. So,
after getting the information we can get access to the product company website
just by a click on the product name.
The next enhancement
that we can add the searching option. We can directly search to the particular
product company from this site .These
are the two enhancements that we could think of at present.
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